Why ESG Ratings Disagree — and What Independent Data Shows
ESG rating providers give the same company wildly different scores. We looked at what court filings and regulators say instead.
Research archive
Climate & environment
Investigations into emissions, pollution, energy and environmental claims.
34 articles
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How to Research Whether Your Portfolio Is Ethical
An ethical-sounding fund name is not an answer. To understand a portfolio, you need to inspect its actual holdings, decide which issues matter to you and read the evidence behind each company's record.
Why ESG Ratings Miss the Full Picture (And What Replaces Them)
ESG ratings agencies rely on self-reported data, compress multidimensional conduct into a single grade, and get paid by the companies they evaluate. The result is a system that rewards disclosure over behaviour.
AWS vs Azure vs Google Cloud: Environmental Impact Compared
AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud dominate the digital economy. We scored Amazon, Microsoft, and Alphabet on environmental impact using court filings, regulatory data, and investigative reports -- not corporate sustainability PDFs.
17 Most Environmentally Damaging Mining Companies (2026)
Compare environmental scores for mining and related companies. See the leaders, laggards, dated evidence and limits behind sustainable-mining claims.
Inside 'Ethical' ETFs: What the Holdings Actually Look Like
We scored the 26 most common holdings in popular ESG ETFs across 11 independent dimensions. 17 of 26 have a negative average score.
ESG Ratings vs Documented Corporate Conduct: Where the Gaps Appear
Compare 10 companies using verified Mashinii score records, with missing dimensions shown separately and links to each company’s evidence.
Shell vs BP vs ExxonMobil: Which Oil Major Is Cleanest? (2026)
We scored three of the world's largest oil companies on ethical integrity using court filings, regulatory actions, and investigative reports. Here is what the data shows.
Green Energy Stocks: 11 Companies Compared on Ethics
Compare 11 green-energy companies on ethics, including First Solar, Ørsted and ITM Power. See score coverage, evidence and limits for investors.
Energy, Intelligence, and the False Choice: Why Planet-Friendly Business Still Matters
Why the prosperity vs. planet debate misses the point entirely.
The Evidence Brief